- Autoregressive effect
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The effect of a variable at the previous occasion on the same variable now; an index of inertia or carry-over.
- Between-person effect
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An association between people’s average levels of two variables.
- Compliance
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The proportion of scheduled prompts that were answered; also called response rate.
- Contextual effect
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The difference between the between-person and within-person effects of the same predictor.
- Cross-level interaction
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A person-level variable moderating a within-person effect.
- Centering within cluster
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Subtracting each person’s own mean from their scores, leaving only within-person variation. Also called person-mean centering.
- DSEM
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Dynamic structural equation modelling: Bayesian multilevel time-series models with latent centering, random dynamic parameters and latent variables.
- Ergodicity
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The condition under which group-level (between-person) and individual-level (within-person) structures are equivalent.
- Event-contingent sampling
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Reports initiated by the participant when a predefined event occurs.
- ICC
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Intraclass correlation: the proportion of total variance due to stable differences between people.
- Innovation
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The unpredictable part of a variable at each occasion in a time-series model; its variance indexes moment-to-moment unpredictability.
- JITAI
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Just-in-time adaptive intervention: support delivered at moments identified from momentary data.
- Latent centering
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Centering on an estimated person mean that accounts for sampling error, rather than the observed mean.
- Measurement burst
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A design with repeated intensive periods separated by longer gaps.
- Micro-randomised trial
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A design that randomises intervention delivery at many decision points within each person.
- MSSD
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Mean squared successive difference: average squared change between consecutive observations; an index of instability.
- Nickell’s bias
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Downward bias in autoregressive effects when the lagged outcome is centred on the observed person mean.
- Random slope
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A person-specific deviation from the average effect of a level-1 predictor.
- Signal-contingent sampling
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Time-based sampling in which the device prompts the participant, usually at random or semi-random times.
- Stratified random sampling
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One prompt at a random time within each of several equal blocks of the day.
- VAR
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Vector autoregression: a time-series model in which each variable is predicted by lagged values of all variables.
- Within-person effect
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The association between a person’s deviations from their own averages on two variables.